Friday, February 09, 2007
A case of prostatitis due to Burkholderia pseudomallei.
A case of prostatitis due to Burkholderia pseudomallei.
Nat Clin Pract Urol. 2007 Feb
Arzola JM,
Hawley JS,
Oakman C,
Mora RV.
Wilford Hall Medical Center, Urology, 8423 Feather Trail, Helotes, TX 78023, USA. jorge.arzola@lackland.af.mil
Burkholderia fungorum. From DOE Joint Genome Institute
BACKGROUND: A 67-year-old male, with a history of stable lower urinary tract symptoms, diabetes mellitus, benign prostatic hyperplasia, gonococcal urethritis, and excessive alcohol consumption, presented to the emergency room with sepsis and acute bacterial prostatitis. He had recently returned from a visit to Indonesia, where he had been a first-hand witness to the 2004 tsunami.
INVESTIGATIONS: Complete blood cell count, urine analysis, blood, urine, and prostatic abscess cultures, chest X-ray, contrasted CT of the abdomen and pelvis, and (18)F-fluorodeoxyglucose PET.
DIAGNOSIS: Melioidosis.
MANAGEMENT: Broad-spectrum empiric antibiotics were administered initially; therapy was then changed to intravenous imipenem plus cilastatin with slow initial clinical improvement. (18)F-fluorodeoxyglucose PET localized the prostate as the only nidus of infection. Ultrasound-guided fine needle aspiration of a small fluid collection of the prostate also grew Burkholderia pseudomallei. The patient improved clinically and was discharged to complete a 2-week course of intravenous imipenem plus cilastatin followed by a 3-month course of oral trimethoprim plus sulfamethoxazole. This medication was switched to co-amoxiclav and doxycycline to complete the 3-month course. The patient was well at his last follow-up, 3 months following hospital discharge.
PMID: 17287872 [PubMed - in process]
Related Article:
Burkholderia
Classification
Higher order taxa:
Bacteria; Proteobacteria; Betaproteobacteria; Burkholderiales; Burkholderiaceae
Species:
Burkholderia andropogonis; Burkholderia brasilensis; Burkholderia caledonica; Burkholderia caribensis; Burkholderia caryophylli; Burkholderia fungorum; Burkholderia gladioli; Burkholderia glathei; Burkholderia glumae; Burkholderia graminis; Burkholderia hospita; Burkholderia kururiensis; Burkholderia mallei; Burkholderia phenazinium; Burkholderia phymatum; Burkholderia phytofirmans; Burkholderia plantarii; Burkholderia sacchari; Burkholderia singaporensis; Burkholderia sordidicola; Burkholderia symbiont of Asellus aquaticus; Burkholderia terricola; Burkholderia tropica; Burkholderia tuberum; Burkholderia ubonensis; Burkholderia unamae; Burkholderia xenovorans; Burkholderia sp.; Burkholderia cepacia complex: Burkholderia ambifaria; Burkholderia anthina; Burkholderia cenocepacia; Burkholderia cepacia; Burkholderia dolosa; Burkholderia multivorans; Burkholderia pyrrocinia; Burkholderia stabilis; Burkholderia vietnamiensis
Description and Significance
Burkholderia bacteria are both human and plant pathogens as well as environmentally important bacteria. Burkholderia fungorum strain LB400 and other closely related Burkhoderia strains are good biodegraders of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) with "unparalleled ability to destroy environmentally important PCB congeners" (DOE). Conversely, Burkholderia pseudomallei is the causative agent of melioidosis, as disease that harms both humans and animals, as well as septicemia and pneumonia in susceptible individuals (Godoy et al. 2003).
Genome Structure
Burkholderia fungorum is presently being sequenced by the DOE Joint Genome Institute. It has three large replicons (chromosomes) and a megaplasmid with a total of 8.1 Mb. Apparently, the large size of genomic material, which is among the larges of the soil bacteria known, may contribute to its "ecological success." Because this and related PCB-degrading bacteria have such important ecological and commerical potential for bioremediation technologies, sequencing this genome will be extremely important in shedding light on the mechanisms and organization responsible for the group's metabolic and environmental versatility. This knowledge will allow new development of "novel environmental remediation technologies and products for plant growth promotion" (DOE).
Cell Structure and Metabolism
Burkholderia bacteria are rod-shaped, motile, Gram-negative bacteria that are capable of both pathogenic characteristics and degrading PCBs. The bacteria are also generally obligately aerobic. Of the bacterial isolates found in the Arctic that are able to degrade PCBs, none used compounds such as 2-chlorobiphenyl, 3-chlorobiphenyl, camphor, citronellol, cymene, dehydroabietic acid, limonene, methanol, n-hexadecane, pentachlorophenol, phenol, or pinene as primary growth substrates (Master and Mohn 1998).
Ecology
Burkholderia bacteria are commonly found in the soil and in groundwater worldwide. Burkholderia and related bacteria have been found at soils of all tempuratures including Arctic soil of 7oC.
Pathology
Burkholderia pseudomallei is generally considered a saprophyte (grows on and uses dead or decaying organic matter as an energy source), it also causes the infectious disease melioidosis that is mostly restricted to Southeast Asia, northern Australia, and some other tropical and subtropical regions. It also occasionally causes serious invasive diseases like septicemia and pneumonia in susceptible individuals. Although the epidemiology of melioidosis is not yet fully understood, it is thought that infections are contracted by contact with the organism from contaminated ground water ("for example, in rice paddies") through puncture wounds, cuts, or abrasions in the skin (Godoy et al. 2003). Burkholderia mallei, which is very closely related to B. pseudomallei, causes glanders in horses and other equines and occasionally in humans and other animals. This disease is generally found in parts of Africa, Asia, the Middle East, and Central and South America. The human B. mallei infection is very close to an infection of B. pseudomallei (Godoy et al. 2003). In horses, the bacterial acute infection causes the development of "rapidly spreading ulcers in skin and nasal mucosa" as well as "death within a few days from septicaemia" (VEIN). The chronic disease caused by B. mallei, which is more common, results in lesions and pulmonary involvement. It can manifest in nasal form, skin form, or both nasal and skin form at the same time. Both of B. mallei and B. pseudomallei are considered potential agents of biological warfare or bioterrorism -- CDC lists them in category B of the list of bioterrorism agents (Godoy et al. 2003) . In addition to all this, Burkholderia cepacia is a pathogen associated with chronic lung disease in cystic fibrosis patients (Kiska et al. 1995).
References
General:
DOE Joint Genome Institute: Burkholderia fungorum
Godoy, Daniel, Gaynor Randle, Andrew J. Simpson, David M. Aanensen, Tyrone L. Pitt, Reimi Kinoshita, and Brian G. Spratt. 2003. "Multilocus sequence typing and evolutionary relationships among the causative agents of melioidosis and glanders, Burkholderia pseudomallei and Burkholderia mallei." Journal of Clinical Microbiology, vol. 41, no. 5. American Society for Microbiology. (2068-2079)
Master, Emma R. and William W. Mohn. 1998. "Psychrotolerant bacteria isolated from Arctic soil that degrade polychlorinated biphenyls at low tempuratures." Applied and Environmental Microbiology, vol. 64, no. 12. American Society for Microbiology. (4823-4829)
Pathology
Veterinary Education and Information Network: Exotic Diseases: Dermatolotical Diseases: Glanders
Microbe Wiki
Labels: Bacteria; Proteobacteria; Betaproteobacteria; Burkholderiales; Burkholderiaceae
# posted by Pat O'Connor @ 8:18 AM 
